Persuasive Essay On Racial Profiling - 1486 Words

Racial Profiling is an act of automatically defining or identifying someone based on their ethnicity. This act was most recognized during the late 1800’s in the U.S. under the Jim Crow law. It was passed in order to segregate whites and the colored in America. It fundamentally made whites superior to all. Though, in 1964 the Civil Rights Act passed stating that anybody of any ethnicity or religion are to be equal and united. However, today this law has never been truly accepted when seeing the statistics of the type of people being stopped by the police. In fact, based on the statistics of the people stopped, there is an ethnic disproportion which shows that the police use racial profiling. Even though innocent people are stopped, the†¦show more content†¦Racial profiling is a controversial issue because although police use it to prevent crime, the opposing view claims that innocent people are stopped for no logical reason making them feel unequal. In fact, in the art icle â€Å"I was Racially Profiled in My Own Driveway† by Doug Glanville, is an example of why people oppose this, it shows how a police officer stopped and questioned a black man (himself) shoveling his own driveway even when it was out of his own jurisdiction. Little did the police know but the man was Doug Glanville, a retired MLB player, trying to clear out snow. However, not knowing who Glanville was, the police was under the impression that Glanville was out in the neighborhood trying to make money. Nonetheless, as soon as the police officer found out that Glanville was shoveling his own driveway of his household, he paces away. As Glanville clarifies, â€Å"After a few minutes, he headed back to his vehicle. He offered no apology, just an empty encouragement to enjoy my shoveling. And he was gone† (Glanville 8). What Glanville is really saying here is that a cop went out of his jurisdiction just to confront Glanville because he is black and was in a wealthy neig hborhood. This ultimately ruined Glanville’s day by wiping off his smile since he had been racially profiled as a suspicious suspect to the police. This is a clear example on why people are against the use ofShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling1414 Words   |  6 Pages Racial Profiling Due to a Lack of Communication Imagine walking down the street one day with your friends, minding your own business when a police car pulls up next to you. As the car comes to a stop, a police officer rushes out with a gun in hand pointed at you. You are thrown to the ground, pinned under the officer, questioning what you did wrong. As you look around for help you realize that you have become the next victim of racial profiling. Racial profiling is the use of race or ethnicRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling806 Words   |  4 PagesRacial profiling is a problem that continues to happen to this day. This situation is something which happens to everyone especially minorities. Minorities are more likely to be pulled over by police officers rather than white people just because of the color of their skin, which is really unfair because their time is being wasted getting pulled over when they could be doing something else. Racial profiling has been happening forever, which has caused many people to be st opped and strictly checkedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling903 Words   |  4 Pagespolice. Racial profiling refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individuals race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. This is similar to criminal or offender profiling, the analysis of a persons psychological and behavioural characteristics, so as to assess whether they are likely to have committed a crime under investigation. Both seem to be similar, but make no mistake that racial profiling is illegalRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling1488 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling existed back in the 18th century when black slaves were abused and oppressed by white men even those who didn’t own slaves. Throughout history, racial profiling still continues to be a controversial issue today. It’s practiced everyday. Racial profiling means using an individual’s race or ethnicity against them of committing a crime. This means oppressing other races to feel inferior and accusing others to a certain stereotype. Racial profiling is when a black person in ripped jeansRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Assata Shakur 1316 Words   |  6 Pageshypocritical and devious people for blaming black people small crimes while they’ve committed atrocities. Assata’s persuasive use of antithesis shines light on the outrageous and unethical motives of the white man because their bias contradicts their values. She appeals to African Americans to convince them to work together because she believes that they are possible solutions that can resolve racial inequalities. She acknowledges that, â€Å"Every revolution in history has been accomplished by actions, althoughRead MoreThe Myth Of The Latin Wom I Just Met A Girl Named Maria868 Words   |  4 Pagessociety. â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† is a short essay in which the award winning poet and professor of English, Judith Ortiz Cofer, wishes to inform and persuade the audience that labels and stereotypes can be humiliating and hurtful. The author targets the general public, anyone that doesn’t understand that putting someone in a box because of a stereotype is wrong. Cofer starts out the essay by telling the reader a story with a drunk man who re-enacted â€Å"Maria† from theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Squint and the Wail Rhetorical Analysis â€Å"The Squint and the Wail† is an essay by Michael Hsu. Hsu, a Taiwanese American author and editor, wrote this essay in order to express his views on the negative connotations that occur with some of the racially charged objects present in society. More specifically, the essay deals with the stereotypical nature of The Chin Family. The Chin Family is the name of Stefano Giovannoni’s tabletop collection, which includes salt and pepper shakers that haveRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil Rights Movement2959 Words   |  12 Pageswithout slavery, the Civil Rights Movement, and other racially motivated movements. Race (and racism, unfortunately) is what makes America, America. For this essay, I will be exploring the question: Is there still a racial issue in America, predominantly, against blacks? Also, I will be exploring if stereotypes are related to racial profiling, if the media affects racism, and if racism is still present in the 21st century, in particul arly, since President Barack Obama got elected as the United StatesRead MoreThe New Threat : Racism Without Racists2278 Words   |  10 PagesIt has been many decades since the end of enslaving African-Americans in the United States of America and the laws – since then – have tried to impede discrimination of all kinds especially racial profiling. The debate of racism has never stopped even in January 20th, 2009 when the American nation elected its forty-fourth president of the United States who was the first African-American president in the entire American History. â€Å"Racism is over,† many people became very excited and delighted, â€Å"AmericaRead MorePolice Discretion Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay a discussion will be explored about the benefits and problems associated with police use of discretion. Which current policing strategies have the most potential for controlling officer discretion and providing accountability, and which have th e least, and why is that the case? And finally, how might these issues impact the various concerns facing law enforcement today? Police behavior is different across all communities. In fact, how police react to combat crime is affected by the

The Nurse s Role With Patients - 2046 Words

The Nurse’s Role in Helping Patients Cope with Loss Laurel Ellzey Denver School of Nursing Abstract Death is a universal part of life. Everyone will eventually experience it. Nurses play an integral role with their patients when it comes to dealing with bereavement, grief, and mourning. Nurses provide bereavement care by listening to patients, helping them express their emotions, and involving them in the entire process. Nurses frequently tend to the emotional needs of their patients, but not their own, which can result in nurse burn-out. Nurses are expected to be resilient when it comes to death, but when they sweep their emotions under the rug to get on with the day and are not given the resources needed to grieve successfully, how can they achieve this? The Nurse’s Role with Patients and Loss Death is a part of life and eventually everyone on this earth will experience it. Nurses play an important role with bereaved patients. Not only by being there, but also because everyone grieves in their own way. However, for those experiencing disenfranchised grief, the process may be more difficult. Mourning the death of a loved one is a natural response to death and Worden’s four tasks allow those to progress through the tasks in any way. Bereavement, grief, and mourning are all affected by one’s culture, religion, and the relationship among deceased, their personality, and how the person died. Bereavement RoleShow MoreRelatedNurses s Role For The Care Of Their Patients1838 Words   |  8 Pages NURSES ROLE IN EUTHANASIA PATRICIA RANAUDO SULLIVAN COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE NUR2030 Abstract Nurses play a very important role in the care of their patients, however, not all of this care is without controversy. This paper addresses the role that nurses have in the process of euthanasia and how this role is directly impacted by one’s own ethical and moral beliefs. Several studies looked at the importance of the nurse’s role during euthanasia and what nurses deem important andRead MoreNurse s Role As A Primary Member Of The Patient1938 Words   |  8 PagesThe PICOT statement: (Population) In critical care patients in acute care units. (Intervention) The nurse’s role as a primary member of the patient-centered care is to include spirituality into the care of the patient and exploring the patient’s spirituality. (Comparison) The nurse’s role to just give the patient standard care without including any type of spirituality within their treatment plan. (Outcome) When the nurse includes spirituality within their patient’s treatment i t can improve the patient’sRead MoreApplication Of The Theory Of Interpersonal Relations1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe aim of this report is to evaluate the application of Peplau s theory of interpersonal relations to nursing practice. This report summarizes the origin of the theory, clarity and simplicity, significance, generalizability, research, and application to nursing practice. After examining Peplau s theory and her basic concepts of interpersonal relations, it is apparent that it is helpful in nursing practice to encourage wellness and well-being. Origins of the Theory Personal BackgroundRead MoreA Conceptual Definition Model For Advanced Practice Nursing907 Words   |  4 Pageswithin the advanced practice role. Hamric created a conceptual definition model for advanced practice nursing (APN) with defining characteristics that identify several core competencies, Guidance and coaching,Consultation,Evidence-based practice, Leadership, Collaboration,Ethical decision making.Hamric s (APN) core competencies are an umbrella for the additional role-specific and educational competencies for a nurse practitioner (NP) and nursing informatics (NI). The role of an NI is categorized asRead MoreFuture of Nursing1315 Words   |  6 Pages14, 2013 The Future of Nursing According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the nursing profession is the largest population in the nation s health care workforce with over three million members. Because of this, nurses have a fundamental role in the transformation of the nation s rapidly changing health care environment. To achieve this role, the IOM addressed several key recommendations to serve as a guide to the direction of the future of nursing (Institute of Medicine, 2010). ThisRead MoreClinical Nurse Specialist Job Description1672 Words   |  7 Pages Clinical Nurse Specialist Job Description Amy D. Kramer Point Loma Nazarene University â€Æ' Clinical Nurse Specialist Job Description The healthcare environment in America is rapidly changing as a result of improved scientific research, healthcare reform, and an enhanced focus on Evidence Based Practice (EBP) care. This has given rise to the need for a highly educated and expertly trained nursing workforce. Clinical nurse specialists (CNS), trained as advanced practice nurses, fulfill a vitalRead MoreNursing Roles And Palliative Care Families1721 Words   |  7 Pages Nursing Roles and Palliative Care Families The field of palliative care offers nurses unique opportunities to engage with families on multiple levels. According Stayt (as cited in Ingleton, Chatwin, Seymour Payne, 2011), â€Å"If nurses perceive role confusion during the care of dying patients and their families this increases the degree of stress experienced, limiting effectiveness in proving care and compounding their grief response† (p. 212). Clarifying nursing roles is vital to providing qualityRead MoreClinical Nurse Leader Role in Psychiatric Department Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesCNL Role in Psychiatric Department Never has it been more critical to provide high quality care in the hospital while being cost effective. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (American Association of Colleges of Nursing [AACN], 2005) has created the Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) role to introduce lateral integration of care for specified groups by creatively and intentionally using a variety of health care resources (AACN, 2005). The CNL’s purpose is to aid in various departments of theRead MoreReflecting On The On Myself1320 Words   |  6 Pagescontemporary roles of nursing, I have learned the importance of the image of a nurse. It is important that the public trusts and believes in the nurse and the profession the nurse represents (Cherry and Jacob, 2014). To set an image for myself, I must dress appropriate for my profession, by showing the world how serious I am about my profession. Another thing that I have learned is that there are many legal issues in nursing and health care. Knowledge of th e law enhances the nurse s ability to provideRead MoreThe Traditional Nurse, Writing By Lisa H. Newton1250 Words   |  5 PagesIn the hospital patient and the health professional that patients have a certain specific right and must be treated as a person with dignity. They are neither mere objects to be manipulated by a professional nor subservient individual who has waived their right simple by becoming hospital patient. In Confucius teachings, ritual encompassed both moral practices, respect and traditional values. Confucius taught that there were mutual obligations arising between members of social relationships, for

Loyalty Shown In The Odyssey Essay Example For Students

Loyalty Shown In The Odyssey Essay Loyalty to family, community, and the gods is an important quality in the lives of ancient Greek citizens. These qualities are clear demonstrated in The Odyssey through Penelope, Telemakhos, and Odysseus. Penelope shows her loyalty in several ways. She shows loyalty to Odysseus by waiting for his return for twenty long years. She did not choose a suitor until she knew for sure that Odysseus was dead. To delay the decision of choosing a suitor, Penelope said she would marry a suitor after she had finished weaving her shroud. She showed that she was weaving the shroud during the day, but at night, when it got dark she secretly unwove it. That is how Penelope shows her loyalty to her family. Telemakhos also shows loyalty to his family and community in various ways. He shows loyalty to the community by welcoming strangers to his home with feasts and gifts. He shows loyalty to his family by risking his life on the search for the knowledge of Odysseus situation. He journeys to Pylos and Sparta to seek news of his father whether he is dead or lost. This shows loyalty to Odysseus because he risks his life to know of his well being. This also shows loyalty to Penelope by journeying to Pylos and Sparta, even though his path may be dangerous, just so he can find knowledge of Odysseus and ease his mothers pain. He also shows loyalty to Penelope by trying to protect her and keeping the suitors away from her. During the final battle, Telemakhos shows loyalty to his father by fighting side by side with him against the suitors even though he knows he might die in battle. Odysseus shows loyalty like Telemakhos and Penelope to the gods and his family. Odysseus is a man that can be described as tenacious. He is always focused on one objective and that is to get home. He is persistent and overcomes any temptation that gets in his way. An example of this is when he is with the beautiful nymph Kalypso. She offers him immortality to stay with her and leave his thoughts for home but he gave it all up for his family and home. He never gave up hope and continued to trudge his way back home. He also shows loyalty to the god by not cursing them for all the harmful events that occur during his journey home. This book shows many clear examples of loyalty in the ancient Greek society. Loyalty was an important quality and to be disloyal meant death for the ancient Greeks. This is shown through the women who were disloyal and slept with the suitors. By Odysseus command they would be hung like doves or larks in springes triggered in a thicket. In conclusion, loyalty is shown throughout this book and is considered very important to the ancient Greeks. .

To Kill A Mockingbird Argumentative Essay Example For Students

To Kill A Mockingbird Argumentative Essay Analysis of Major Characters Scout Scout is a very unusual little girl, both in her own qualities and in her social position. She is unusually intelligent (she learns to read before beginning school), unusually confident (she fights boys without fear), unusually thoughtful (she worries about the essential goodness and evil of mankind), and unusually good (she always acts with the best intentions). In terms of her social identity, she is unusual for being a tomboy in the prim and proper Southern world of Maycomb. One quickly realizes when reading To Kill a Mockingbird that Scout is who she is because of the way Atticus has raised her. He has nurtured her mind, conscience, and individuality without bogging her down in fussy social hypocrisies and notions of propriety. While most girls in Scouts position would be wearing dresses and learning manners, Scout, thanks to Atticuss hands-off parenting style, wears overalls and learns to climb trees with Jem and Dill. She does not always grasp social niceties (she tells her teacher that one of her fellow students is too poor to pay her back for lunch), and human behavior often baffles her (as when one of her teachers criticizes Hitlers prejudice against Jews while indulging in her own prejudice against blacks), but Atticuss protection of Scout from hypocrisy and social pressure has rendered her open, forthright, and well meaning. We will write a custom essay on To Kill A Mockingbird Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now At the beginning of the novel, Scout is an innocent, good-hearted five-year-old child who has no experience with the evils of the world. As the novel progresses, Scout has her first contact with evil in the form of racial prejudice, and the basic development of her character is governed by the question of whether she will emerge from that contact with her conscience and optimism intact or whether she will be bruised, hurt, or destroyed like Boo Radley and Tom Robinson. Thanks to Atticuss wisdom, Scout learns that though humanity has a great capacity for evil, it also has a great capacity for good, and that the evil can often be mitigated if one approaches others with an outlook of sympathy and understanding. Scouts development into a person capable of assuming that outlook marks the culmination of the novel and indicates that, whatever evil she encounters, she will retain her conscience without becoming cynical or jaded. Though she is still a child at the end of the book, Scouts pers pective on life develops from that of an innocent child into that of a near grown-up. Atticus As one of the most prominent citizens in Maycomb during the Great Depression, Atticus is relatively well off in a time of widespread poverty. Because of his penetrating intelligence, calm wisdom, and exemplary behavior, Atticus is respected by everyone, including the very poor. He functions as the moral backbone of Maycomb, a person to whom others turn in times of doubt and trouble. But the conscience that makes him so admirable ultimately causes his falling out with the people of Maycomb. Unable to abide the towns comfortable ingrained racial prejudice, he agrees to defend Tom Robinson, a black man. Atticuss action makes him the object of scorn in Maycomb, but he is simply too impressive a figure to be scorned for long. After the trial, he seems destined to be held in the same high regard as before. Atticus practices the ethic of sympathy and understanding that he preaches to Scout and Jem and never holds a grudge against the people of Maycomb. Despite their callous indifference to racial inequality, Atticus sees much to admire in them. He recognizes that people have both good and bad qualities, and he is determined to admire the good while understanding and forgiving the bad. Atticus passes this great moral lesson on to Scoutthis perspective protects the innocent from being destroyed by contact with evil. .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd , .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd .postImageUrl , .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd , .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd:hover , .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd:visited , .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd:active { border:0!important; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd:active , .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7906216bf3d929e47cd69179809a4cbd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physician Assisted Suicide EssayIronically, though Atticus is a heroic figure in the novel and a respected man in Maycomb, neither Jem nor Scout consciously idolizes him at the beginning of the novel. Both are embarrassed that he is older than other fathers and that he doesnt hunt or fish. But Atticuss wise parenting, which he sums up in Chapter 30 by saying, Before Jem looks at anyone else he looks at me, and Ive tried to live so I can look squarely back at him, ultimately wins their respect. By the end of the novel, Jem, in particular, is fiercely devoted to Atticus (Scout, still a little girl, loves him uncritically). Though his childrens attitude toward him evolves, At ticus is characterized throughout the book by his absolute consistency. He stands rigidly committed to justice and thoughtfully willing to view matters from the perspectives of others. He does not develop in the novel but retains these qualities in equal measure, making him the novels moral guide and voice of conscience. Jem If Scout is an innocent girl who is exposed to evil at an early age and forced to develop an adult moral outlook, Jem finds himself in an even more turbulent situation. His shattering experience at Tom Robinsons trial occurs just as he is entering puberty, a time when life is complicated and traumatic enough. His disillusionment upon seeing that justice does not always prevail leaves him vulnerable and confused at a critical, formative point in his life. Nevertheless, he admirably upholds the commitment to justice that Atticus instilled in him and maintains it with deep conviction throughout the novel. Unlike the jaded Mr. Raymond, Jem is not without hope: Atticus tells Scout that Jem simply needs time to process what he has learned. The strong presence of Atticus in Jems life seems to promise that he will recover his equilibrium. Although Jem is left unconscious with a broken arm after Bob Ewells climactic attack, the fact that Boo Radley unexpectedly comes to his aid and saves him reminds him of the good in people. Even before the end of the novel, Jem shows signs of having learned a positive lesson from the trial; for instance, at the beginning of Chapter 25, he refuses to allow Scout to squash a roly-poly bug because it has done nothing to harm her. After seeing the unfair destruction of Tom Robinson, Jem now wants to protect the fragile and harmless. The idea that Jem resolves his cynicism and moves toward a happier life is supported by the beginning of the novel, in which a grown-up Scout remembers talking to Jem about the events that make up the novels plot. Scout says that Jem pinpointed the childrens initial interest in Boo Radley as the beginning of the story, strongly implying that he understood what Boo represented to them and, like Scout, managed to shed his innocence without losing his hope. To Kill a Mockingbird Argumentative Essay Example For Students To Kill a Mockingbird Argumentative Essay Introduction In the book â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† written by Harper Lee in 1960, the story is written on behalf of the little six-year-old girl Scout Finch (Scout is a nickname, the real name of the heroine Jean Louise), a lawyer’s daughter. In the history the most active there are three guys: Jean Louise, her twelve-year-old brother Jim and seven-year-old Dill, a friend of the guys. But the book for adults makes this novel the father of Jean Louise and Jim Atticus Finch, the lawyer, the protagonist of the story, the hero in every sense of the word. Nowadays To kill a Mockingbird essay is the example of importance of the topic of gender discrimination. He is a kind of personification of the image of the father, decency, courage, and responsibility. A quiet, melancholic man, 50 years old, almost blind in one eye, always a little tired, sitting in an armchair in the evenings, having buried himself in a newspaper or a book that can’t do anything compared to other fathers, his daughter sadly noticed. According to her, she never saw her father angry, except for one occasion — when he heard about Hitler on the radio. The main character is busy working for the benefit of the small town of Maycomb, Alabama, as a cult character is supposed to he is able to protect innocent people and not diminish the dignity of other people not only in the courtroom but also beyond. We will write a custom essay on To Kill a Mockingbird Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Atticuss wife died when Scout was only two, so he alone had to raise children. What is most noteworthy is that the children of Finch never called him â€Å"dad,† they always call him as Atticus. In this way, they show him their respect. And it is not surprising, because the main character development chose such a principle of upbringing, in which he does not expect his children to respect him only because he is their father, but because he acts in a way that deserves respect. That is why the children respond to him with great affection and the complete support of all his endeavors. However, with the inherent to Finch’s objectivity (and dislike for sentiment), Jean-Louise, introducing his father to readers, said about him briefly and clearly: Jem and I found our father satisfactory: he played with us, read to us, and treated us with courteous detachment. Atticus is a good father to his kids. He is self-educated and tries to encourage his children to love learning and enj oying literature as much as he does. He explains to them everything that interests them: â€Å"When a child asks you something, answer him, for goodness sake. But don’t make a production of it. Children are children, but they can spot an evasion quicker than adults, and evasion simply muddles ‘em.† He does not require conformity from his children and does not lie to them. When the children of Atticus behave badly, he is very tolerant; he teaches them to distinguish between what is good and what is bad. When Scout does not want to go back to school, Atticus listens to Scouts explanation of why she is upset and tries to make her see the side of her teacher before coming up with a compromise that will make Scout happier. Children often compared their father with the parents of their peers. Only after a while, the children understand that their parent Atticus Finch is cool in its own way and strong and he can get the jump on anyone. The image is transformed in the eyes of its children when he picks up a rifle and kills a mad dog on the street that threatens the health of the residents of the street and personally to the children of Atticus. A calm man, who does not even show emotions, turns into a real hero, having done what even the local sheriff has saved from. A middle-aged lawyer suddenly turns out to be a masterly shooter. However, he never kills for fun and does not order his son. .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 , .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 .postImageUrl , .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 , .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47:hover , .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47:visited , .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47:active { border:0!important; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47:active , .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47 .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u86e4213d048a309aaae3bc5317348a47:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Separate Peace: Responsibility EssayIn the professional life of Atticus behaves the same way. He is extremely intelligent and benevolent, and most importantly, he is always honest. For Attica, being a lawyer is not just a job, it is a personal commitment to justice and solving problems through the law, not violence. Atticuss lawyer undertook to fight for the obviously hopeless work of the black client Tom Robinson, and he defended him even at the cost of his own reputation among others. Because of this business, the boys mock and tease the children of Atticus for having such a father. But he will do everything so that everything will be legal with his client, even in spite of rebellious people who are ready to pass their own sentence without waiting for the formalities. Atticus Finch not only defends Tom in court but also physically protects his client from lynching. On Sunday evening, on the eve of the trial, Atticus goes to the prison building, where the prisoner awaits his fate, fastens a light bulb over his head, pulls out a chair and sits in the door of the guard so that it can be clearly seen even at night. Although he is a loyal and capable defender of Tom, Atticus shows great compassion for Mayelle Ewell, the victim. Thus, Attic shows an understanding of two great evils in the South of t he USA: racism and poverty. Conclusion Unfortunately, although Atticus Finch did not win the process, the fact that in those days when similar cases didn’t take a few minutes to address the black prisoner, this time, the jury thought about the validity of such a sentence for more than one hour. And this is already a huge victory for Atticus Finch. To defend the truth despite the age-old prejudices, this is not heroism. It is necessary that people do not fall asleep conscience.

Market Equilibrating Process Paper free essay sample

Market Equilibrating Process Paper Market equilibrium is the point in which industry offers goods at the price consumers will consume without creating a shortage or a surplus of goods. Shortages drive up the cost of goods while surpluses drive the cost of goods down, finding the balance in the process is market equilibrium. A good example of a market equilibrium commodity would be the price of gasoline. Currently a barrel of oil is around $81. 00USD. This has resulted in an increase in the price of a gallon by about $1. 0 from one year ago to an average of about $3. 00 per gallon of gasoline. While driving habits have not started to change, people are taking notice and may be looking to make changes should priced continue to rise. The sector of the market that is taking notice and making a changes is those homes that use oil for heating. The recent cold snap in the mid-west and east has increased the need and usage of oil. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Equilibrating Process Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The $1. 00 increase in price per gallon of gas from a year ago is resulting in a larger percentage of increase in home heating. Consumers are starting to make changes in their live style in order to achieve a personal equilibrium in their budget. The dollar increase may not seem like much but the bottom line result is in increase of about 3% 5% in homes heating costs. The reasons sighted for the increase in oil is increased consumption by China, colder than normal temperature is Europe and shortages in Europe due to their unseasonable amount of snow fall in the large cities. Market Equilibrating Process Paper free essay sample Running head: MARKET EQUILIBRATING PROCESS paper Market Equilibrating Process Paper Sonia Reyna University of Phoenix Daniel Rowe ECO/561 June 1, 2010 Abstract Today’s society must study social mechanisms, political realities, and social customs to coordinate its wants, needs, and desires. Mexico has one of the most unstable economies. The government in Mexico announced the price increase of corn tortillas. The price of the product went up 14% last year. In supply demand, prices are affected by the demand of the resources and the ability to meet the demand. If there is a high demand for resources and the demand is not met, prices can reach records high. This paper will talk about the supply and demand and how it has affected prices increase for corn products. Market Equilibrating Process Paper Today’s society coordinates its wants, needs, and desires in many ways and to do this it must study social mechanisms, political realities, and social customs. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Equilibrating Process Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Economics is the social science that examines how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal choices under conditions of scarcity, (McConnell, Brue, Flynn, 2009). Market Equilibrating Process Related to Corn Shortage Scarcity is when the goods available are too few to satisfy the desires of individuals (Colander, 2004). Simultaneous changes in supply and demand affect equilibrium price and quantity in various ways, depending on the relative magnitudes of the changes in supply and demand, (Colander, 2004). A decrease in the supply of a product increases its equilibrium price and reduces its equilibrium quantity. In contrast, an increase in the demand for a product boosts its equilibrium price and its equilibrium quantity, (McConnell, Brue, Flynn, 2009). This affects economies around the globe. Mexico has one of the most unstable economies. During the first week of April, the government in Mexico announced the price increase of corn tortillas. The price of the product had already gone up 14% last year. The increase outpaced inflation and minimum wage increases to its citizens by four percent (Gilot, 2007). Retailers in Mexico will be forced to keep prices at eight and a half pesos per kilo, which is about . 78 cents. Supply, Demand, and Price As the demand of corn supply has increased, this caused the price of the resource to go up. In supply demand, prices will always be affected by the demand of the resources and the ability to meet the demand. If there is a high demand for resources and the demand is not met, prices can reach records high, (Colander, 2004). In the case of the corn tortillas, the departments in charge of increasing prices know the tortilla is an item mostly always consumed by all Mexicans. They know that even though the price increases, citizens will be forced to buy corn products. Conclusion Today’s society must study social mechanisms, political realities, and social customs to coordinate its wants, needs, and desires. Mexico has one of the most unstable economies. During the first week of April, the government in Mexico announced the price increase of corn tortillas. This year’s increase came to surpass inflation and minimum wage increase. In supply demand, prices are affected by the demand of the resources and the ability to meet the demand. If there is a high demand for resources and the demand is not met, prices can reach records high. References Colander, David C. (2004). Economics. 5E. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. [University of phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Retrieved May 27, 2010, from University of Phoenix, Student Resources Web site: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/resource/resource. asp. Gilot, L. (2010, April). El Paso Times, pp. 1. McConnell, Campell, Brue, Stanley, and Flynn, Sean. (2009). Economics. Principles, Problems, and Policies, 18 E. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. [University of phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Retrieved May 27, 2010, from University of Phoenix, Student Resources Web site:

Free Essays on Stalking

Stalking doesn’t stop alone Many people know the characteristics of a stalker, but a lot of people don’t know how to deal with a stalker. Some of the solutions for a stalking situation not to become fatal are to know the facts about stalking; they can be helpful. You should also know the profile of a stalker. The last thing you need to do is take proper precautions when dealing with a stalker. Every year 1.4 Americans are stalked. Eight percent of women and two percent of men have been stalked at some point in their lives. Most of the cases lasted less then one year, but some of them continued beyond five years. For female victims, twenty-one percent of stalkers were strangers. Eighty-seven percent of the stalkers are males. The victims range between the ages of 18 and 29. 45% of the victims were threatened. 75% percent of the victims were followed. Only half of stalking victims file police reports. And 25% percent of the victims obtained restraining orders, but the stalker violated 80% percent of these. Only 24% of female victims prosecute and only 54% of the stalkers are convicted. All of the facts used were from the victim advocacy center website. The profile of a stalker is very important to know in case you’re ever in a stalking situation. Sometimes the stalker is a prior intimate partner; yet often they only desire a relationship with the victim who was an acquaintance, co-worker etc. The stalker often fantasizes about their victims. The fantasies can be love oriented or angry and vengeful. Many stalkers have failed relationships and have difficulty communicating directly with people. They fear rejection. Many stalkers are very intelligent and have no trouble of staying away from the law. Most stalkers are motivated by a belief that their victim is the only one they will ever â€Å"love,† or desire of revenge for someone that has wronged them. Being stalked is not the victim’s fault, but the... Free Essays on Stalking Free Essays on Stalking Stalking doesn’t stop alone Many people know the characteristics of a stalker, but a lot of people don’t know how to deal with a stalker. Some of the solutions for a stalking situation not to become fatal are to know the facts about stalking; they can be helpful. You should also know the profile of a stalker. The last thing you need to do is take proper precautions when dealing with a stalker. Every year 1.4 Americans are stalked. Eight percent of women and two percent of men have been stalked at some point in their lives. Most of the cases lasted less then one year, but some of them continued beyond five years. For female victims, twenty-one percent of stalkers were strangers. Eighty-seven percent of the stalkers are males. The victims range between the ages of 18 and 29. 45% of the victims were threatened. 75% percent of the victims were followed. Only half of stalking victims file police reports. And 25% percent of the victims obtained restraining orders, but the stalker violated 80% percent of these. Only 24% of female victims prosecute and only 54% of the stalkers are convicted. All of the facts used were from the victim advocacy center website. The profile of a stalker is very important to know in case you’re ever in a stalking situation. Sometimes the stalker is a prior intimate partner; yet often they only desire a relationship with the victim who was an acquaintance, co-worker etc. The stalker often fantasizes about their victims. The fantasies can be love oriented or angry and vengeful. Many stalkers have failed relationships and have difficulty communicating directly with people. They fear rejection. Many stalkers are very intelligent and have no trouble of staying away from the law. Most stalkers are motivated by a belief that their victim is the only one they will ever â€Å"love,† or desire of revenge for someone that has wronged them. Being stalked is not the victim’s fault, but the...

A Discussion of the Marketing Concept and the Implementation of those Essay

A Discussion of the Marketing Concept and the Implementation of those Concepts - Essay Example Music in the Macro-Environment 8 3.1 Evolving forms of Listening 8 4. Final Thoughts 11 4.1 Bagozzi’s Ideas on Transactional Exchange 11 4.2 Conclusion 13 References 14 Marketing and the macro-environment: A discussion of the marketing concept and the implementation of those concepts. 1. Introduction The development of a macro-environment has meant that the field of marketing has had to expand its methods and beliefs as the meanings of consumerism have shifted to a global field of engagement. While a global state of business means that there are more opportunities, it also means that the competition is increased through innovation and local brands that may have an advantage over an international company originating out of foreign lands. Through using concepts and ideas that directly engage the issues that arise when entering into a new market, marketing becomes defined by those issues and the ways they lend towards engaging the consumer in a variety of environments. Marketing involves a series of elements that introduce the consumer to needs in relationship to social expectations. In addition, marketing is involved in the selling of not only tangible ideas, but intangible concepts such as political ideologies, universities, communities, and performers. Exchange becomes defined by the various environments that are involved in marketing. The actors within an exchange are involved in a wider variety of interests within the environments where the macro-environment is concerned. In addition the relationships between the actors is far more complex as barriers between people, in relationship to law, and in relationship to differences in traditions must be navigated in order to appropriately navigate the stream from sales to customer. As the macro-environment influences changes in marketing, it is essential to discuss Bragozzi’s interpretation of exchange. Exchange is defined by Bragozzi using generalities that have relevance, but require some expansion a s popular culture has increased; the consumerist attitude has enveloped society, and as the macro-environment has required a more extensive explanation of exchange. 2. Key Developments and Marketing Responses 2.1 Marketing Marketing is the creation of activities that facilitate the exchange in a consumer context. The idea of exchange is developed through the equality that is created through assigning value and giving one thing of a specific value in exchange for something that represents the same value. The most common example is the exchange of money for goods and services, the goods and services being assigned a specific value that is reflected in a monetary figure. Actual value and social value are often two different ideas. As discussed by Bragozzi, often one part of the exchange or both parts will have negative impact, thus creating an inequality in the exchange. Marketing is the creation of what might be termed as an environment around a product. The environment around a produ ct has its own identity, a culture and belief system through which the product is presented to the consumer. Marketing invites the consumer, through exchange, to become a part of that culture through ownership. 2.2 Key Concepts in Marketing One of the key ideas that are central to marketing is that designing for a product or of a product is central to creating the need that promotes purchase. Creativity is the cornerstone of design, where visuals and text must be in concern with one another in order to have impact. In addition, the culture that is created around the product is a core of how the design must convey the message. Design is developed through a series of elements that come together to convey the most powerful message possible. Within that message is an attempt to convince the

See details for specifications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

See details for specifications - Essay Example On the same note of laws, ethical issues, and nursing practice and decision making, this essay aims at comparing three articles within which these issues are addressed especially how legal and ethical factors usually affect clinical nursing practices and the consideration that nurses must consider in making decision within their practice. Article 1: Confidentiality, Secrecy, and Privacy in Ethics Consultation Gerald Neitzke (2007) conducted a research on Confidentiality, secrecy, and privacy in ethics consultation. According to Neitzke, confidentiality is likely to pose problems especially to counselors and he noted that these challenges are can be in two different ways including the uncertainty on the actual extent of the optimum practice and the problem in implementing the ethical practice within a nursing practice. Nonetheless, Neitzke noted in his article that the British association for the counseling had once published some codes of ethics to help counselors to resolve the dile mma. Additionally, Neitzke acknowledged that these counselors are sometimes challenged with the law as they undertake their duties (Neitzke, 2007). It should be noted that law and ethical values can only be breached in this situation if the client or patient feels that their confidentially have been interfered with without their consent. Therefore, Neitzke noted that if such dilemmas have to be minimized or eradicated, it is then vital for the medical practitioners in this case the counselors to seek permission to breach the confidentiality of their patients. Neitzke discussed three ways through which breaking of confidentiality is permissible and they include the counselor seeking the consent of the patient or client to break their confidentiality. Additionally, the counselor can break the confidentiality of the patient if such information regarded confidential are already in the public domain. Finally, a nurse which in this case if a counselor, may be at liberty to break person co nfidentiality if the public interest in the protection of such information outweighs personal interest in the disclosure or use of such information. It should be noted that if counselors are obliged legally to break personal confidentiality, they will be protected the law for such break (Neitzke, 2007). In the cotemporary world, keeping confidential information about client is usually vital for counselor especially for maintaining perfect relationship with clients and or maintaining their practice. Therefore, these professionals must only breach the confidentiality law in situations demanded by law; otherwise, they will lose trust from their clients; thus, interfering with their business and practice. In some cases, they may be taken to court to answer to their unethical and unprofessional behaviors. Hence, despite the fact that the law may give the nurse or the counselor in Neitzke’s case the right or protection to provide some private information about their clients, they m ust only do so without exterior motives or in a manner to harm their clients (Neitzke, 2007). Regardless, of the window that confidentiality in nursing and counseling practice can be breached

Women offenders and prisioners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women offenders and prisioners - Essay Example The special guidelines for the treatment of female prisoners, namely the Bangkok Rules, have been adopted by the United Nations (UN) in the year 2010. Despite the fact that these rules have not been implemented in totality, they represent vast improvement for female prisoners in international law. The main motivator for this astounding development was Princess Bajrakitiyabha Mahidol of Thailand. This redoubtable champion of women’s issues was instrumental in ensuring that the efforts of the Thai delegation to the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice was successful in its efforts (Barberet, 2014, p. 174). It has been acknowledged in these rules that female prisoners have drastically different requirements, in comparison to their male counterparts. To a major extent the Bangkok Rules are evidence based and acknowledge several of the findings of ‘Women Crime and Criminal Justice: A Global Enquiry’, by the eminent scholar Ms. Barberet. Moreover, the Bangkok Rules mirror several of the erstwhile reform efforts that had been undertaken on behalf of females in prison, across the world. For instance, these rules acknowledge the high incidence of victimization of female prisoners and their greater inclination to engage in self-harm and suicide; the lower risk of most female prisoners, but higher classification levels; the special status of female prisoners who are also mothers of children; the stigma encountered by female prisoners; the abuse of women for immoral crimes; and the specific needs of indigenous women prisoners (Barberet, 2014, p. 174). Furthermore, these rules recommend the provision of intimate articles for females, alternatives to invasive or strip searching, alternatives to incarceration for females, and research and data collection regarding the issues pertaining to imprisoned females. Moreover, these rules acknowledge that females, in some nations, are incarcerated, in order to safeguard them,

Relationship Between CSR and FTSE 100 Companies

Relationship Between CSR and FTSE 100 Companies Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION In todays business world the phrase corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a relevant and frequently discussed topic. By definition it is the non-profit activities engaged by a business concern that aids the society, economy and the environment. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has defined CSR as â€Å"the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community, and the society at large.† (WBSCD, 2000) Modern business concerns place CSR in high priority. In the fifth global CEO survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers World Economic Forum concluded that 70 per cent of chief executives around the world have the opinion that corporate social responsibility is fundamental in the process of profit making in the business. In the Western European region, 68 per cent of the big companies have joined the triple bottom-line performance namely the economic, social and environmental factors along with financial performance whereas in the United States, this figure is 41 per cent (PricewaterhouseCoopers/BSI Global Research Inc, 2002). However 80 per cent of the company managers in the US are of the opinion that CEOs status is a factor of major influence on corporate reputation, although interestingly this value is just 56 per cent in the UK. According to Business in the Community, more than 70 per cent of business leaders believe that incorporating responsible business activities makes busin ess concerns more competitive and profitable. (Hancock, 2006) 1.1 Why was this topic selected? If the topic doing research to find out if there is a relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the corporate financial performance (CFP) of a company is able to find out with positive outcome and relationship between the two, then it may be an eye opener to various entrepreneurs to the various financial benefits CSR can bring about to business. This is so especially in the medium and small scale industries, which are yet to fully utilise the CSR in their business routines. From a common person point of view, when large corporations and business concerns take part in community relief and environment friendly activities, it makes a whole lot of difference to the society and the environment. So it is greatly beneficial for humankind to explore and bring out to light the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the firms financial performance. 1.2 Background of CSR: Many of the ideals and customs of the corporate social responsibility have references dating back to the 19th century. But it was during the 1960s and 1970s in the United States that there was resurgence in the mindset of people towards this phenomenon. It was during this period that various modern policies of civil regulation were invented. This includes the social audits, social investment funds, voluntary codes of conduct, recognitions for social and environmental activities and more commonly the use of corporations as potential places for political activity. During that period there were many protests and demonstrations like the boycott of Dow Chemical in 1970. There was also a campus-led movement pressuring firms to retract from South Africa in the 1970s which was similar to the challenges faced by the corporations having investments in countries like Burma and Sudan. Since the 1990s many companies form America and Europe that have headquarters either in the United States or Europe have taken aboard some voluntary standards for employment states, environmental activities and also regarding human rights. These fresh measures have since then became standardised in many companies, corporations and other agencies. These new measures have been monitored and reported. These initiatives that were not heavily legal have since been the standard setter for what is known today as corporate social responsibility. Some of the fresh changes that were brought about by this civil regulation were: (1) A positive reduction in the amount of children hired for labour every year. A massive improvement in health and safety in various factories around the world which provide the large firms with products including shoes, clothes, toys, etc. (2) A cut down in the production of wood from endangered forests and animal habitats, which were used to manufacture furniture for United States and Europe. (3) Providing reasonable prices for some agricultural producers like coffee growers for their products. (4) A considerable decrease in the emission of greenhouse gases especially in the wake of the greenhouse effect. (5) A withdrawal of firms from Burma in the wake of the human rights abuse in that country. (6) Some more recent examples are the lowering of prices of drugs for AIDS and other diseases. After that companies have come forward and set examples of CSR initiatives for other companies to follow, even when there is no restriction on them in the countries concerned to limit their activities. For example Home Depots policies regarding environment have helped in the sustaining of some of the rainforests in the South America. The government of Chad cannot be trusted in handling their oil reserves properly. So ExxonMobils efforts to keep an eye on its royalty payments means that at least some of the money is not wasted. Indonesia does not have adequate policies to protect the environment. Therefore Chevron Texacos activities have protected the fragile ecosystem in Papa New Guinea. Having discussed that, it must also be said that the effectiveness of codes, such as the UN Global Compact, Voluntary Principle on Security and Human Rights, the Equator Principles, etc, are not very effective. The improvements are likely to happen, particularly if the monitoring and other measures are effectively carried out. One of the most outstanding obstacle standing in the way of these social changes is of course the cost factor. Many corporations do keep cost aside for these activities, but most of them have not found to be adequate. This is one of the reason researches have to be carried out that point to the connection between CSR and CFP, because CEOs and managers should be aware of the possibilities created by CSR on the firms reputation and financial activities. So that firms can spend more time and money on their CSR and hence create good value for them, their stakeholders and ultimately the society. Today even countries in the developing world have started to demand bet ter working conditions and environmental safety for their environment. In countries like India people have been protesting against big companies for their discrimination. For example there has been a recent outbreak of protests in India against soft drink manufacturer Coca Cola for their indiscriminate usage of underground water and also its contamination, since underground water is a major source of drinking water through wells in many parts of India. CSR is also a factor that is good for a society regardless of it being located in developed or underdeveloped countries. It is a universal phenomenon that is advantageous. This contributes to its popularity and prominence. Some countries practise CSR ideally in their manufacturing hubs located in developing and underdeveloped countries. Some others stick to bringing about local changes and prosperity. For example the constructing of a school, university or a hospital is considered as a valuable contribution to the society. The company benefits from these activities because they indeed sow the seeds for future graduates who may become skilled employees for them. Also environmental activities earn sympathy and support from local authorities who may reduce taxes and other duties for the company on the basis of their humanitarian concerns. Later on in the 1990s there were protest against companies like Nike and Shell, and since then the importance of CSR has grown significantly. In 2005 a search on Google for â€Å"corporate social responsibility† would yield 30000 sites. There are more the 15 million pages on the internet with address dimensions of CSR. This is including 100,000 pages based on corporate websites. In 2005 Amazon had more than 600 books on the subject. More than 1000 business concerns have created and adapted signed codes of conduct which clearly states their individual stand on issues such social, environmental, animal rights and human rights. The numbers of firms that issue reports on CSR initiatives have gone up to 2000 in the year 2005.in the country of United States there were more that 200 social mutual funds in 2005, and they saw their revenues increase tenfold over a span of 10 years. Global organizations, such as the United Nations, the European Union and the World Bank and the Organizat ion for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), vigorously endorse the phenomenon of CSR. These governing bodies regularly monitor, advice, and award the efforts and initiatives taken by the companies every year. In the last two decades various charitable organisations have also sprung up, which work together with companies, and aids in their activities. Previously CSR was used only to address internal business ethics and policies. Nowadays this narrow view of CSR has changed and evolved into a variety of issue. Today a companys social venture could include initiatives to uplift education, poverty, unemployment, animal rights and other basic needs for community development. Some companies pursue more specific goals like aids relief, cancer research, disability support etc. For example firms established in the automobile industry may come up with safety programmes for motorists. Today in many countries, households have the chance to invest their money in various non-monetary savings and investments. In many countries, which are listed in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), special banks offer facilities in savings account where the customers are assured that the money will be used for environmental sustainability programmes, or to help some entrepreneurs, who find it hard to get money from other institutions. The target group for these investments have generally been women and minorities. Today the impact of CSR has grown so much that people even in countries like South Africa and Brazil has the opportunity to invest their savings in socially responsible initiatives that checks the CSR of the firms in which they invest (International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2003). Many companies contribute for the conservation of the environment by finding new methods for recycling and elimination of non-biodegradable compounds etc. Therefore modern businesses have realised the increasing acceptance of socially responsible companies in the minds of people, so much so that it has become a trend to undertake social initiatives by the business enterprises. 1.3 Reason for doing good: There are many opinions that reason the indulgence of business companies in non profit initiatives. But the commonplace one would be that the companies perform good activities because good things and image are preferred by the masses. The public argue that these activities impress the investors, business analysts, business partners and the potential customers. The whole picture will look good in the companys annual reports and maybe even the company may have some luck in the courtroom and the parliament. This ultimately gives a vital boost to the companys brand image and reputation. There are many distinct and underlying advantages for business concerns. The distinct advantages clearly give the business a boost in monetary terms, hence being a direct contributor to financial performance. The underlying advantages may not directly save money for business, but they indirectly become advantageous to the business and eventually bring about financial gains thereby affecting its performance. For example Chiquita a global leader in the manufacturing of bananas decided to follow an environment friendly approach which saved them more that $5 million in 2002 compared to the year 1997. The trick behind this was the implementation of smaller quantity of agrichemicals and the adoption of a paller recycling program which actually saved them more than $3 million a year. This however was only the tip of the iceberg. Chiquita had bigger, but much more discreet advantages, by adopting a more socially responsible image. The company which was previously a target of media backlash w as going through a period of damaged company reputation which was a threat to its business functioning. They turned this around with their environment friendly approach and activities. This change in policy also created a sense of pride among the employees and helped in developing a more open and clear communication with the media. These developments will ultimately increase the financial performance of the companies by ensuring their smooth functionality. A frequently referenced study is by the University of Southwestern Louisiana, called â€Å"the effect of published reports on unethical conduct on stock prices† confirmed that publicity about unethical corporate conduct reduces stock prices for a minimum period of six months. From a truly customers point of view, it can be said that in todays marketplace there are a lot of alternative choices for customers when deciding to by a product in the criteria of product, price and distribution channels. Researchers have shown that consumers base their purchase on reputed companies, that indulge in fair trade and other sustainable business practices including concerned about the society in which they operate, provided the price and quality of the products remains similar. As an example if a consumer had an option of two products that have similar qualities and price tags, the consumer would prefer the product that was produced by a ‘greener company (green being symbolic of the community welfare and environmental efforts of the company). 1.4 Aims of the project: This project aims to answer the following issues: 1) Is there a relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of a company? In addition the relation between the size of a company and the CSR is observed. 2) If there is a relationship, is the relationship positive or negative? 3) Discuss the various relationships between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. (CSR is measured by the value taken from the Business in the Communitys Corporate Index ratings and CFP is measured by the changes in stock prices before and after being rated in the Index ratings). 4) Evaluate the relationship between CSR and CFP in the FTSE 100 companies. 1.5 Structure of the dissertation: The introduction part of this dissertation includes a description about the aims and objectives of the research and the reasons for choosing this topic. It also contains a brief insight into the background of CSR and some of the previous researches conducted on this topic. Chapter 2 discusses in detail the various studies and researches conducted on this topic from the period between 1977 until recent times. The literature review also tries to bring out various points of view of different researchers and lays the foundation for this study. Chapter 3 or the methodology section discusses the various modes of data collection used in this research to arrive at the appropriate conclusion. This research utilises the share prices of a sample of 20 companies in the FTSE-100 for representing CFP and also their comparative ratings in the BITCs Corporate Index ratings to show the value of CSR. Alternatively questionnaires were distributed to obtain some qualitative data. Then in chapter 4 comes the primary research section which uses first hand data available regarding the companies to try to find a solution to the questions imposed in this study. It also discusses the 2 styles of data collection namely positivist and phenomenological styles. Chapter 5 consists of the discussion and conclusion section to analyse and compare the previous information collected in literature review and primary data research to arrive at a final conclusion regarding the topic. The result maybe positive or negative, nevertheless a result should be arrived at as per the available information and also so that possible recommendations can be given for further references and studies. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Studies explaining the different aspects of CSR-CFP relationship: According to Peloza (2006), the CSR and CFP can be analyzed from four perspectives In the above figure show the conflicting side against the knack of CSR as a provider to the firms financial ambitions. The far left depicts the antagonists of CSR who are of the opinion that any money spend by the firm on CSR are a complete negation to the firms economic gains, whereas in the extreme right are the supporters of CSR who claims it as a supporter of the firms financial goals. In the vertical axis separates the above two different views of CSR on the basis of a long term and short term approach. The long term managerial viewpoint on CSR involves a longitudinal approach to the evaluation of the effect of social schemes and the short term is for a static, cross-sectional perspectives that directs more on immediate effect or do not openly consider the time aspect. There are various arguments against CSR that can be shown on the 1st quadrant. Margolis and Walsh projected three main categories of these objections to CSR on the basis that it clashes with the business financial motives. According to them one of the explanations that opponents of CSR give is that the firms benefit society more when they create maximum profits for their shareholders. Another opinion was that individual shareholders should be the deciders of investing in social initiatives; the firms should only focus on achieving maximum profits for its shareholders. Finally they express concern that many shareholders are not aware of the social initiatives of the firm and are not given opportunities to have their say in them. The antagonists claim that the firms may make wrong decisions regarding the allocation of resources for social responsibility and hence they are not eligible to perform it. In quick contrast to all this, quadrant 2 depicts the protagonists of CSR claiming that it helps in the realization of the firms financial objectives. Various studies were conducted in relating to this quadrant. At first a value or positive CSR is paired with a firms performance indicator such as the stock price. Then a negative amount of CSR (for example harmful waste disposal) is paired with an amount of firms financial performance. The result in each of these cases was a positive relationship between the two. This is supported by a meta-analysis conducted by Orlitzky et. al in 2003 and other various studies conducted over the past 30 years, which generally discovered a positive connection between CSR and CFP. Also negative CSR has been associated with negative impacts on share prices. For example Shell Oil Company suffered a setback in share prices after an oil spill in 2001 in Nigeria. This is caused due to the negative CSR. A large number of researchers have favoured a short- te rm view of the time factor. They argue that majority of the firms expect to get positive returns on their investments in the same year. Former Chrysler CEO Bob Eaton once said that the organizations have a common goal of getting constant year-in and year-out profits from their companies in their portfolios. They do this because the shareholders everywhere follow a common rule: â€Å"if they are not satisfied, they sell† (Reich, 1998). According to Werbel and Wortman (2000) suggest that firms use these initiatives to temporarily ward off negative media coverage. However when we consider the ability of CSR to affect CFP in a bad way, several investigators are of the opinion in extending the short term perspective to a long term one. Taking the case of quadrant 3, even though the impact of environmental regulations on the business is only a limited one, still there would be a long term effect in the form of productivity slowdown Stavins (1994). Also there is an argument that when a firm takes up a social initiative, its competitors will start to match its actions and hence it will result in a competition which will prove to be costly and a subsequent decrease in profits. The researchers say that nowadays it has become a trend among big companies so much that every large companies are expected to do some investments in socially responsible activities by their customers; hence making it as a sort of tax. Nowadays researchers are beginning to consider CSR as complimentary to CFP taking into consideration the long term perspective as depicted in quadrant 4 in the According to the researchers the social objectives need not necessarily be in conflict to the economic objectives, but rather be a supplement to it. For example if a company funds a school or university in its locality, it actually paves the way for future employees that are well educated and support and develop the companys cause and also at the same time changing the social climate in the locality for the better. Another long term advantage that companies can muster by indulging in social responsibilities is the building up of reputation. A good reputation has always been associated with positive financial returns. Bhattacharya and Sen (2004) are of the idea that CSR builds a large pool of goodwill that firms can rely upon in times of crisis. Similarly McWilliams and Siegel (2001) say that positive CSR produces a reputation that a company is reliable and honest. 2.2 CSR in stakeholder theory: Stakeholder theory suggests that a company must not only try to meet the demands of its shareholders, but also those with the lesser explicit, or implicit claims (Gornell and Shapiro, 1987). Stakeholder theory also brings to light that implicit claims like product quality are actually less costly to a firm than the demands of its shareholders which are more explicit. The low social responsibility of the company may place doubt in the minds of its shareholders about the ability of the company to fulfill its implicit claims, and hence the shareholders may demand more explicit claims which may prove costly to the company. For example if the firms manage to evade from its environmental responsibilities (dumping of waste, usage of recyclable materials, etc), the government agencies and officials may impose strict regulations like duty, fines etc on the company. These circumstances may raise doubts in the minds of implicit stakeholders, who may question its efficiency. On the contrary soci ally responsible and environmentally friendly companies may be favored by the government and they might even get a reduction or exemption from certain taxes and duties on account of their actions. 2.3 CSR as insurance cover: Another important aspect that consolidates the positive relationship between CSR and the financial outcome of a company is the conceptualization of CSR as kind of insurance for the business which is especially helpful in the time of a crisis. CSR may help the company to create a good impression among the government authorities and helps the company to evade government impositions. This is difficult to evaluate when examining the relationship between CSR and financial performance, even though it indirectly affects the financial outcome. Davidson and Worrell (1992) advocated that the losses incurred by the firm due to a dent in their reputation is much higher than the physical costs incurred from actual event itself, such as product recall. Also in the same manner Blacconiere (1997) and his co-workers conducted various studies, and found out that firms with active environmental activities had a lower reduction in market value. A research carried out around the Seattle riots in 1999 against the WTO meetings came up with two conclusions. The research was conducted on 400 firms across a cross section of firms and found out that firstly there is a noticeable industry effect where companies with negative CSR ratings suffered incrementally over companies from neutral industries. They also concluded that once the industry effect has been removed, the positive outcome of the CSR ‘insurance is distinct. Specifically companies that had negative CSR had to undergo a stock market decline of double the times that of companies that were known for the CSR activities. Researchers have previously argued that firms with good name and status can overcome crises. For example is the Tylenol tampering in the 1980s, were Johnson Johnson suffered lesser economic problems, when compared with companies with bad reputation (Fombrun, et al. 1996). Fombrun (2001) also says that reputations have considerable concealed value that acts as a storage house of goodwill. During the time of crises they act to minimise the moral and financial damage to the company. Jones et al. (2000) have conducted a study taking taken a large number of companies to find out if their reputations can help them during a crisis. They discovered that firms in the better part of the Fortune Magazines annual survey of the ‘Most Admires Firms in America experienced lower market valuation losses in the stock market plunge that took place in 1983(SP 500 went down 7 per cent on that day), than the companies that were in lower part of Fortunes ratings. The capital in socially responsible investment funds have greatly increased in the last ten years. In 1990, only seven US firms issued their annual reports citing their social performance. But by 2004, 745 of these reports were release due to the increasing pressure on the corporate managers to do so. (corporateregister.com) These developments clearly brings to light not only the incremental profits by increasing sales, but also the capability of CSR to maintain sales and stock prices in the time of crisis. 2.4 Major studies done to evaluate CSR-CFP relationship: Researchers Sandra Waddock and Samuel Graves (1997) of Boston College made a study on two aspects of the topic: (1) Whether there is a positive or negative relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of a company, or if no relationship exists at all between them. (2) If the exists a relationship then, whether the financial performance was due to the previous practises of CSR or if CSR was a succession as a result of high financial performance. Waddock and Graves (1997) utilised the data collected from and independent research organization. The data was collected of all the companies in the SP 500. The data was calculated for each companys CSR performance based on a rating scale that integrated eight important attributes of CSR namely environment performance, staff diversity, staff relations, community relations, product features, military contracts and involvement in South Africa. The above attributes were then ranked according to their relative significance. This scaling method involving eight aspects of community welfare solved the problem of measuring the largely diverse CSR activities, which was faced by previous researchers. Waddock and Graves studied the links between CSR and CFP of 469 firms during the year 1989 through 1990. The firms were from different sectors of business industries including hospitals, aerospace, mining, publishing and utilities. The study made use of different figures of finance like return on assets (ROA), return on sales (ROS) and return on equity (ROE). The analysing of data from two consecutive years meant that the duo researchers could test the slack resources theory, which tests if better CFP leads to a better CSR in the consecutive year. The theory which finds out if a good CSR leads to improved financial performance, was called the good management theory. This theory was studied with CSR data in the year 1990 and compared with the CFP figures of 1991, therefore with a time lag of one year. The following results were unearthed from the survey: (1) The slack resources theory was found to be true. CSR of the firms were increased by the precedent financial success of the firms. (2) The good management theory was also proved as fine CSR activities contributed to the firms financial performance when measured using ROS and ROA. They came to the conclusion that the correlation between CSR and CFP can be attributed to a virtuous circle, in which both of them are mutually correlated. It is difficult to predict whether the cycle starts with CSR or CFP, but it is evident in the investigation that they are mutually correlated. Meta-Analysis: A prominent study conducted by Marc Orlitzky and Frank L. Schmidt titled â€Å"Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis,† was awarded the Moskowitz Price by the Social Investment Forum. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate social performance. The research was conducted by examining 52 studies that were published between 1972 and 1997, that contained a total of 33,878 observations. This Meta analysis utilises statistics to evaluate results of each different studies and adjust for the statistical errors. The Orlitzky Meta analysis concentrates on four major hypotheses: (1) In various industries and study contexts, CSR and CFP are normally positively linked. (2) Between CSR and CFP there is a bi-directional causality. (3) CSR is positively connected with CFP because of two reasons: (i) CSR boosts managerial proficiencies and organizational efficiency and supplies to knowledge about the companys political, technological, social, market, and other environments. (ii) A positive status and goodwill is created among the companys external stakeholders through CSR. (4) Most of the differences in results of some studies are due to statistical or methodological errors. The researchers then selected studies that carried out a quantitative assessment of the connection between CFP and CSR by taking into account at least one characteristic of firms economic performance, and met the given description of CSR. The CFP in this study is calculated by dividing into three forms namely accounting based, where accounting outcomes determine a firms efficiency; market-based where the investors returns are the determinant of market value and finally the survey results that shows the subjective estimates of a firms current position. While CSR is normally measured from CSR rating indexes, social audits, CSR disclosures and the organizations codes and values. The findings of the research were phenomenal. The researchers claimed that there exists a positive relationship between CSR and CFP across various industries and other study contexts. The following were their conclusions: (1) CSR had a stronger connection with CFP when using the accounting measures of analysis than when market-based measures where used. (2) Environmental development as CSR affects CFP of a company to a lesser extent when compared with other aspects of CSR. (3) The relation between CSR and CFP could be described as a virtuous circle in which a higher CFP motivates the companies to spend more on CSR, and a good spending on CSR will allow the firms to become more successful, hence increasing their CFP. The message of the research to the managers of companies were that money spend CSR is a good investment for the development of CFP. The research also found out that the managers use CSR as a tool for building reputation as previous studies have established that there is scope for reputation development through CSR. The disadva Relationship Between CSR and FTSE 100 Companies Relationship Between CSR and FTSE 100 Companies Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION In todays business world the phrase corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a relevant and frequently discussed topic. By definition it is the non-profit activities engaged by a business concern that aids the society, economy and the environment. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has defined CSR as â€Å"the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community, and the society at large.† (WBSCD, 2000) Modern business concerns place CSR in high priority. In the fifth global CEO survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers World Economic Forum concluded that 70 per cent of chief executives around the world have the opinion that corporate social responsibility is fundamental in the process of profit making in the business. In the Western European region, 68 per cent of the big companies have joined the triple bottom-line performance namely the economic, social and environmental factors along with financial performance whereas in the United States, this figure is 41 per cent (PricewaterhouseCoopers/BSI Global Research Inc, 2002). However 80 per cent of the company managers in the US are of the opinion that CEOs status is a factor of major influence on corporate reputation, although interestingly this value is just 56 per cent in the UK. According to Business in the Community, more than 70 per cent of business leaders believe that incorporating responsible business activities makes busin ess concerns more competitive and profitable. (Hancock, 2006) 1.1 Why was this topic selected? If the topic doing research to find out if there is a relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the corporate financial performance (CFP) of a company is able to find out with positive outcome and relationship between the two, then it may be an eye opener to various entrepreneurs to the various financial benefits CSR can bring about to business. This is so especially in the medium and small scale industries, which are yet to fully utilise the CSR in their business routines. From a common person point of view, when large corporations and business concerns take part in community relief and environment friendly activities, it makes a whole lot of difference to the society and the environment. So it is greatly beneficial for humankind to explore and bring out to light the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the firms financial performance. 1.2 Background of CSR: Many of the ideals and customs of the corporate social responsibility have references dating back to the 19th century. But it was during the 1960s and 1970s in the United States that there was resurgence in the mindset of people towards this phenomenon. It was during this period that various modern policies of civil regulation were invented. This includes the social audits, social investment funds, voluntary codes of conduct, recognitions for social and environmental activities and more commonly the use of corporations as potential places for political activity. During that period there were many protests and demonstrations like the boycott of Dow Chemical in 1970. There was also a campus-led movement pressuring firms to retract from South Africa in the 1970s which was similar to the challenges faced by the corporations having investments in countries like Burma and Sudan. Since the 1990s many companies form America and Europe that have headquarters either in the United States or Europe have taken aboard some voluntary standards for employment states, environmental activities and also regarding human rights. These fresh measures have since then became standardised in many companies, corporations and other agencies. These new measures have been monitored and reported. These initiatives that were not heavily legal have since been the standard setter for what is known today as corporate social responsibility. Some of the fresh changes that were brought about by this civil regulation were: (1) A positive reduction in the amount of children hired for labour every year. A massive improvement in health and safety in various factories around the world which provide the large firms with products including shoes, clothes, toys, etc. (2) A cut down in the production of wood from endangered forests and animal habitats, which were used to manufacture furniture for United States and Europe. (3) Providing reasonable prices for some agricultural producers like coffee growers for their products. (4) A considerable decrease in the emission of greenhouse gases especially in the wake of the greenhouse effect. (5) A withdrawal of firms from Burma in the wake of the human rights abuse in that country. (6) Some more recent examples are the lowering of prices of drugs for AIDS and other diseases. After that companies have come forward and set examples of CSR initiatives for other companies to follow, even when there is no restriction on them in the countries concerned to limit their activities. For example Home Depots policies regarding environment have helped in the sustaining of some of the rainforests in the South America. The government of Chad cannot be trusted in handling their oil reserves properly. So ExxonMobils efforts to keep an eye on its royalty payments means that at least some of the money is not wasted. Indonesia does not have adequate policies to protect the environment. Therefore Chevron Texacos activities have protected the fragile ecosystem in Papa New Guinea. Having discussed that, it must also be said that the effectiveness of codes, such as the UN Global Compact, Voluntary Principle on Security and Human Rights, the Equator Principles, etc, are not very effective. The improvements are likely to happen, particularly if the monitoring and other measures are effectively carried out. One of the most outstanding obstacle standing in the way of these social changes is of course the cost factor. Many corporations do keep cost aside for these activities, but most of them have not found to be adequate. This is one of the reason researches have to be carried out that point to the connection between CSR and CFP, because CEOs and managers should be aware of the possibilities created by CSR on the firms reputation and financial activities. So that firms can spend more time and money on their CSR and hence create good value for them, their stakeholders and ultimately the society. Today even countries in the developing world have started to demand bet ter working conditions and environmental safety for their environment. In countries like India people have been protesting against big companies for their discrimination. For example there has been a recent outbreak of protests in India against soft drink manufacturer Coca Cola for their indiscriminate usage of underground water and also its contamination, since underground water is a major source of drinking water through wells in many parts of India. CSR is also a factor that is good for a society regardless of it being located in developed or underdeveloped countries. It is a universal phenomenon that is advantageous. This contributes to its popularity and prominence. Some countries practise CSR ideally in their manufacturing hubs located in developing and underdeveloped countries. Some others stick to bringing about local changes and prosperity. For example the constructing of a school, university or a hospital is considered as a valuable contribution to the society. The company benefits from these activities because they indeed sow the seeds for future graduates who may become skilled employees for them. Also environmental activities earn sympathy and support from local authorities who may reduce taxes and other duties for the company on the basis of their humanitarian concerns. Later on in the 1990s there were protest against companies like Nike and Shell, and since then the importance of CSR has grown significantly. In 2005 a search on Google for â€Å"corporate social responsibility† would yield 30000 sites. There are more the 15 million pages on the internet with address dimensions of CSR. This is including 100,000 pages based on corporate websites. In 2005 Amazon had more than 600 books on the subject. More than 1000 business concerns have created and adapted signed codes of conduct which clearly states their individual stand on issues such social, environmental, animal rights and human rights. The numbers of firms that issue reports on CSR initiatives have gone up to 2000 in the year 2005.in the country of United States there were more that 200 social mutual funds in 2005, and they saw their revenues increase tenfold over a span of 10 years. Global organizations, such as the United Nations, the European Union and the World Bank and the Organizat ion for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), vigorously endorse the phenomenon of CSR. These governing bodies regularly monitor, advice, and award the efforts and initiatives taken by the companies every year. In the last two decades various charitable organisations have also sprung up, which work together with companies, and aids in their activities. Previously CSR was used only to address internal business ethics and policies. Nowadays this narrow view of CSR has changed and evolved into a variety of issue. Today a companys social venture could include initiatives to uplift education, poverty, unemployment, animal rights and other basic needs for community development. Some companies pursue more specific goals like aids relief, cancer research, disability support etc. For example firms established in the automobile industry may come up with safety programmes for motorists. Today in many countries, households have the chance to invest their money in various non-monetary savings and investments. In many countries, which are listed in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), special banks offer facilities in savings account where the customers are assured that the money will be used for environmental sustainability programmes, or to help some entrepreneurs, who find it hard to get money from other institutions. The target group for these investments have generally been women and minorities. Today the impact of CSR has grown so much that people even in countries like South Africa and Brazil has the opportunity to invest their savings in socially responsible initiatives that checks the CSR of the firms in which they invest (International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2003). Many companies contribute for the conservation of the environment by finding new methods for recycling and elimination of non-biodegradable compounds etc. Therefore modern businesses have realised the increasing acceptance of socially responsible companies in the minds of people, so much so that it has become a trend to undertake social initiatives by the business enterprises. 1.3 Reason for doing good: There are many opinions that reason the indulgence of business companies in non profit initiatives. But the commonplace one would be that the companies perform good activities because good things and image are preferred by the masses. The public argue that these activities impress the investors, business analysts, business partners and the potential customers. The whole picture will look good in the companys annual reports and maybe even the company may have some luck in the courtroom and the parliament. This ultimately gives a vital boost to the companys brand image and reputation. There are many distinct and underlying advantages for business concerns. The distinct advantages clearly give the business a boost in monetary terms, hence being a direct contributor to financial performance. The underlying advantages may not directly save money for business, but they indirectly become advantageous to the business and eventually bring about financial gains thereby affecting its performance. For example Chiquita a global leader in the manufacturing of bananas decided to follow an environment friendly approach which saved them more that $5 million in 2002 compared to the year 1997. The trick behind this was the implementation of smaller quantity of agrichemicals and the adoption of a paller recycling program which actually saved them more than $3 million a year. This however was only the tip of the iceberg. Chiquita had bigger, but much more discreet advantages, by adopting a more socially responsible image. The company which was previously a target of media backlash w as going through a period of damaged company reputation which was a threat to its business functioning. They turned this around with their environment friendly approach and activities. This change in policy also created a sense of pride among the employees and helped in developing a more open and clear communication with the media. These developments will ultimately increase the financial performance of the companies by ensuring their smooth functionality. A frequently referenced study is by the University of Southwestern Louisiana, called â€Å"the effect of published reports on unethical conduct on stock prices† confirmed that publicity about unethical corporate conduct reduces stock prices for a minimum period of six months. From a truly customers point of view, it can be said that in todays marketplace there are a lot of alternative choices for customers when deciding to by a product in the criteria of product, price and distribution channels. Researchers have shown that consumers base their purchase on reputed companies, that indulge in fair trade and other sustainable business practices including concerned about the society in which they operate, provided the price and quality of the products remains similar. As an example if a consumer had an option of two products that have similar qualities and price tags, the consumer would prefer the product that was produced by a ‘greener company (green being symbolic of the community welfare and environmental efforts of the company). 1.4 Aims of the project: This project aims to answer the following issues: 1) Is there a relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of a company? In addition the relation between the size of a company and the CSR is observed. 2) If there is a relationship, is the relationship positive or negative? 3) Discuss the various relationships between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. (CSR is measured by the value taken from the Business in the Communitys Corporate Index ratings and CFP is measured by the changes in stock prices before and after being rated in the Index ratings). 4) Evaluate the relationship between CSR and CFP in the FTSE 100 companies. 1.5 Structure of the dissertation: The introduction part of this dissertation includes a description about the aims and objectives of the research and the reasons for choosing this topic. It also contains a brief insight into the background of CSR and some of the previous researches conducted on this topic. Chapter 2 discusses in detail the various studies and researches conducted on this topic from the period between 1977 until recent times. The literature review also tries to bring out various points of view of different researchers and lays the foundation for this study. Chapter 3 or the methodology section discusses the various modes of data collection used in this research to arrive at the appropriate conclusion. This research utilises the share prices of a sample of 20 companies in the FTSE-100 for representing CFP and also their comparative ratings in the BITCs Corporate Index ratings to show the value of CSR. Alternatively questionnaires were distributed to obtain some qualitative data. Then in chapter 4 comes the primary research section which uses first hand data available regarding the companies to try to find a solution to the questions imposed in this study. It also discusses the 2 styles of data collection namely positivist and phenomenological styles. Chapter 5 consists of the discussion and conclusion section to analyse and compare the previous information collected in literature review and primary data research to arrive at a final conclusion regarding the topic. The result maybe positive or negative, nevertheless a result should be arrived at as per the available information and also so that possible recommendations can be given for further references and studies. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Studies explaining the different aspects of CSR-CFP relationship: According to Peloza (2006), the CSR and CFP can be analyzed from four perspectives In the above figure show the conflicting side against the knack of CSR as a provider to the firms financial ambitions. The far left depicts the antagonists of CSR who are of the opinion that any money spend by the firm on CSR are a complete negation to the firms economic gains, whereas in the extreme right are the supporters of CSR who claims it as a supporter of the firms financial goals. In the vertical axis separates the above two different views of CSR on the basis of a long term and short term approach. The long term managerial viewpoint on CSR involves a longitudinal approach to the evaluation of the effect of social schemes and the short term is for a static, cross-sectional perspectives that directs more on immediate effect or do not openly consider the time aspect. There are various arguments against CSR that can be shown on the 1st quadrant. Margolis and Walsh projected three main categories of these objections to CSR on the basis that it clashes with the business financial motives. According to them one of the explanations that opponents of CSR give is that the firms benefit society more when they create maximum profits for their shareholders. Another opinion was that individual shareholders should be the deciders of investing in social initiatives; the firms should only focus on achieving maximum profits for its shareholders. Finally they express concern that many shareholders are not aware of the social initiatives of the firm and are not given opportunities to have their say in them. The antagonists claim that the firms may make wrong decisions regarding the allocation of resources for social responsibility and hence they are not eligible to perform it. In quick contrast to all this, quadrant 2 depicts the protagonists of CSR claiming that it helps in the realization of the firms financial objectives. Various studies were conducted in relating to this quadrant. At first a value or positive CSR is paired with a firms performance indicator such as the stock price. Then a negative amount of CSR (for example harmful waste disposal) is paired with an amount of firms financial performance. The result in each of these cases was a positive relationship between the two. This is supported by a meta-analysis conducted by Orlitzky et. al in 2003 and other various studies conducted over the past 30 years, which generally discovered a positive connection between CSR and CFP. Also negative CSR has been associated with negative impacts on share prices. For example Shell Oil Company suffered a setback in share prices after an oil spill in 2001 in Nigeria. This is caused due to the negative CSR. A large number of researchers have favoured a short- te rm view of the time factor. They argue that majority of the firms expect to get positive returns on their investments in the same year. Former Chrysler CEO Bob Eaton once said that the organizations have a common goal of getting constant year-in and year-out profits from their companies in their portfolios. They do this because the shareholders everywhere follow a common rule: â€Å"if they are not satisfied, they sell† (Reich, 1998). According to Werbel and Wortman (2000) suggest that firms use these initiatives to temporarily ward off negative media coverage. However when we consider the ability of CSR to affect CFP in a bad way, several investigators are of the opinion in extending the short term perspective to a long term one. Taking the case of quadrant 3, even though the impact of environmental regulations on the business is only a limited one, still there would be a long term effect in the form of productivity slowdown Stavins (1994). Also there is an argument that when a firm takes up a social initiative, its competitors will start to match its actions and hence it will result in a competition which will prove to be costly and a subsequent decrease in profits. The researchers say that nowadays it has become a trend among big companies so much that every large companies are expected to do some investments in socially responsible activities by their customers; hence making it as a sort of tax. Nowadays researchers are beginning to consider CSR as complimentary to CFP taking into consideration the long term perspective as depicted in quadrant 4 in the According to the researchers the social objectives need not necessarily be in conflict to the economic objectives, but rather be a supplement to it. For example if a company funds a school or university in its locality, it actually paves the way for future employees that are well educated and support and develop the companys cause and also at the same time changing the social climate in the locality for the better. Another long term advantage that companies can muster by indulging in social responsibilities is the building up of reputation. A good reputation has always been associated with positive financial returns. Bhattacharya and Sen (2004) are of the idea that CSR builds a large pool of goodwill that firms can rely upon in times of crisis. Similarly McWilliams and Siegel (2001) say that positive CSR produces a reputation that a company is reliable and honest. 2.2 CSR in stakeholder theory: Stakeholder theory suggests that a company must not only try to meet the demands of its shareholders, but also those with the lesser explicit, or implicit claims (Gornell and Shapiro, 1987). Stakeholder theory also brings to light that implicit claims like product quality are actually less costly to a firm than the demands of its shareholders which are more explicit. The low social responsibility of the company may place doubt in the minds of its shareholders about the ability of the company to fulfill its implicit claims, and hence the shareholders may demand more explicit claims which may prove costly to the company. For example if the firms manage to evade from its environmental responsibilities (dumping of waste, usage of recyclable materials, etc), the government agencies and officials may impose strict regulations like duty, fines etc on the company. These circumstances may raise doubts in the minds of implicit stakeholders, who may question its efficiency. On the contrary soci ally responsible and environmentally friendly companies may be favored by the government and they might even get a reduction or exemption from certain taxes and duties on account of their actions. 2.3 CSR as insurance cover: Another important aspect that consolidates the positive relationship between CSR and the financial outcome of a company is the conceptualization of CSR as kind of insurance for the business which is especially helpful in the time of a crisis. CSR may help the company to create a good impression among the government authorities and helps the company to evade government impositions. This is difficult to evaluate when examining the relationship between CSR and financial performance, even though it indirectly affects the financial outcome. Davidson and Worrell (1992) advocated that the losses incurred by the firm due to a dent in their reputation is much higher than the physical costs incurred from actual event itself, such as product recall. Also in the same manner Blacconiere (1997) and his co-workers conducted various studies, and found out that firms with active environmental activities had a lower reduction in market value. A research carried out around the Seattle riots in 1999 against the WTO meetings came up with two conclusions. The research was conducted on 400 firms across a cross section of firms and found out that firstly there is a noticeable industry effect where companies with negative CSR ratings suffered incrementally over companies from neutral industries. They also concluded that once the industry effect has been removed, the positive outcome of the CSR ‘insurance is distinct. Specifically companies that had negative CSR had to undergo a stock market decline of double the times that of companies that were known for the CSR activities. Researchers have previously argued that firms with good name and status can overcome crises. For example is the Tylenol tampering in the 1980s, were Johnson Johnson suffered lesser economic problems, when compared with companies with bad reputation (Fombrun, et al. 1996). Fombrun (2001) also says that reputations have considerable concealed value that acts as a storage house of goodwill. During the time of crises they act to minimise the moral and financial damage to the company. Jones et al. (2000) have conducted a study taking taken a large number of companies to find out if their reputations can help them during a crisis. They discovered that firms in the better part of the Fortune Magazines annual survey of the ‘Most Admires Firms in America experienced lower market valuation losses in the stock market plunge that took place in 1983(SP 500 went down 7 per cent on that day), than the companies that were in lower part of Fortunes ratings. The capital in socially responsible investment funds have greatly increased in the last ten years. In 1990, only seven US firms issued their annual reports citing their social performance. But by 2004, 745 of these reports were release due to the increasing pressure on the corporate managers to do so. (corporateregister.com) These developments clearly brings to light not only the incremental profits by increasing sales, but also the capability of CSR to maintain sales and stock prices in the time of crisis. 2.4 Major studies done to evaluate CSR-CFP relationship: Researchers Sandra Waddock and Samuel Graves (1997) of Boston College made a study on two aspects of the topic: (1) Whether there is a positive or negative relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of a company, or if no relationship exists at all between them. (2) If the exists a relationship then, whether the financial performance was due to the previous practises of CSR or if CSR was a succession as a result of high financial performance. Waddock and Graves (1997) utilised the data collected from and independent research organization. The data was collected of all the companies in the SP 500. The data was calculated for each companys CSR performance based on a rating scale that integrated eight important attributes of CSR namely environment performance, staff diversity, staff relations, community relations, product features, military contracts and involvement in South Africa. The above attributes were then ranked according to their relative significance. This scaling method involving eight aspects of community welfare solved the problem of measuring the largely diverse CSR activities, which was faced by previous researchers. Waddock and Graves studied the links between CSR and CFP of 469 firms during the year 1989 through 1990. The firms were from different sectors of business industries including hospitals, aerospace, mining, publishing and utilities. The study made use of different figures of finance like return on assets (ROA), return on sales (ROS) and return on equity (ROE). The analysing of data from two consecutive years meant that the duo researchers could test the slack resources theory, which tests if better CFP leads to a better CSR in the consecutive year. The theory which finds out if a good CSR leads to improved financial performance, was called the good management theory. This theory was studied with CSR data in the year 1990 and compared with the CFP figures of 1991, therefore with a time lag of one year. The following results were unearthed from the survey: (1) The slack resources theory was found to be true. CSR of the firms were increased by the precedent financial success of the firms. (2) The good management theory was also proved as fine CSR activities contributed to the firms financial performance when measured using ROS and ROA. They came to the conclusion that the correlation between CSR and CFP can be attributed to a virtuous circle, in which both of them are mutually correlated. It is difficult to predict whether the cycle starts with CSR or CFP, but it is evident in the investigation that they are mutually correlated. Meta-Analysis: A prominent study conducted by Marc Orlitzky and Frank L. Schmidt titled â€Å"Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis,† was awarded the Moskowitz Price by the Social Investment Forum. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate social performance. The research was conducted by examining 52 studies that were published between 1972 and 1997, that contained a total of 33,878 observations. This Meta analysis utilises statistics to evaluate results of each different studies and adjust for the statistical errors. The Orlitzky Meta analysis concentrates on four major hypotheses: (1) In various industries and study contexts, CSR and CFP are normally positively linked. (2) Between CSR and CFP there is a bi-directional causality. (3) CSR is positively connected with CFP because of two reasons: (i) CSR boosts managerial proficiencies and organizational efficiency and supplies to knowledge about the companys political, technological, social, market, and other environments. (ii) A positive status and goodwill is created among the companys external stakeholders through CSR. (4) Most of the differences in results of some studies are due to statistical or methodological errors. The researchers then selected studies that carried out a quantitative assessment of the connection between CFP and CSR by taking into account at least one characteristic of firms economic performance, and met the given description of CSR. The CFP in this study is calculated by dividing into three forms namely accounting based, where accounting outcomes determine a firms efficiency; market-based where the investors returns are the determinant of market value and finally the survey results that shows the subjective estimates of a firms current position. While CSR is normally measured from CSR rating indexes, social audits, CSR disclosures and the organizations codes and values. The findings of the research were phenomenal. The researchers claimed that there exists a positive relationship between CSR and CFP across various industries and other study contexts. The following were their conclusions: (1) CSR had a stronger connection with CFP when using the accounting measures of analysis than when market-based measures where used. (2) Environmental development as CSR affects CFP of a company to a lesser extent when compared with other aspects of CSR. (3) The relation between CSR and CFP could be described as a virtuous circle in which a higher CFP motivates the companies to spend more on CSR, and a good spending on CSR will allow the firms to become more successful, hence increasing their CFP. The message of the research to the managers of companies were that money spend CSR is a good investment for the development of CFP. The research also found out that the managers use CSR as a tool for building reputation as previous studies have established that there is scope for reputation development through CSR. The disadva